Patient demographics are given in (26). and non-inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, PM samples displayed similar increases. Satellite cell markers did not correlate with Ki-67-affected myofiber nuclei. DNA synthesis and cell cycle markers were induced in A-bearing myotubes. Cell cycle marker and cyclin protein expressions were also induced in an experimental allergic myositis-like model of PM in mice. Levels of p21 (Cip1/WAF1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, were decreased in affected myotubes. However, overexpression of p21 did not MB-7133 rescue cells from A-induced toxicity. This is the first report of cell cycle reentry in human myositis. The absence of rescue and evidence for reentry in individual models of myodegeneration and inflammation suggest that new DNA synthesis may be a reactive response to either or both stressors. INTRODUCTION Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common acquired muscular disease of the aged. IBM has pathological features in common with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including -amyloid and ubiquitin deposits, neurofilament and Rabbit Polyclonal to MCM3 (phospho-Thr722) tau hyperphosphorylation and cell death (1). Aberrant cell cycle reentry involving neurons is an increasingly acknowledged phenomenon in some neurodegenerative diseases including AD, but not reported in IBM. Previous studies have shown aberrant cell cycle reentry in the brains of AD patients (2C4) and transgenic AD animal models (5C8). The evidence suggests that at an early time point and throughout the course of AD, neuronal death is usually correlated with ectopic reentrance into the cell cycle. It is hypothesized that aberrant entry at premitotic checkpoints, precedes and contributes to neuronal death. Accordingly, robust expression of cell cycle phase markers; cyclin D1 (the regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4/6 in the G0/G1 transition), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; S phase) and cyclin B1 (the regulator of cell division cycle (Cdc) 2 in G2) are found in moderate cognitive impairment (6,9,10). Indicators of coordinate activation of cell cycle machinery leading to DNA replication were also reported in AD MB-7133 brain. Moreover, one source of tau-phosphorylation may involve MB-7133 the dysregulation of a cell cycle kinase, Cdc2k that is biochemically similar to Cdk5. The latter is a well-characterized tau kinase and is pathologically activated in AD (5,11). Cdc2k may also initiate apoptosis in some circumstances (4,12). Interestingly, Cdc2k and Cdk4/6 are ectopically expressed in another proteinopathy of skeletal muscle, myofibrillar myopathy (13). Furthermore, -amyloid exposure is a known activator of cell cycle entry and apoptosis in neurons (14,15). The biochemistry behind the decision of postmitotic cells to die instead of divide following abnormal cell cycle reactivation is unclear. The triggers for cell cycle reentry under these conditions are also not known. One hypothesis suggests that it is a physiological response to DNA damage and linked to the repair DNA strand breaks. Since oxidative stress is a common theme in neurodegeneration and DNA is a target for oxyradical attack, accumulation of oxidative byproducts in neurons can theoretically trigger a coordinate cell cycle entry response. The outcome is either to repair the damage or initiate apoptosis (16,17). An alternative to the DNA oxidative damage hypothesis proposes that dysregulation of the molecular chaperoneCubiquitinCproteasome system (UPS) triggers cell cycle reentry. The UPS can regulate the cell cycle in two opposing ways, by degrading either cyclin D1 or the Cdk inhibitors p21 (Cip1/WAF1) and p27 (18,19). Inhibition of the proteasome arrests neuronal cells at the G1/S boundary (9). There is also evidence for the regulation of various cell cycle stages by heat shock protein (HSP) chaperones 70, HSP90 and HSP27 (20,21). For instance, a specific inhibitor of HSP90, geldanamycin, has an anti-proliferative effect by halting the G0 to G1 transition, blocking the action of HSP90-specific client proteins Cdc37 and FKBP52 (22,23). In addition to changes in HSP levels possibly triggering cell cycle reentry, several mitogenic substances such as growth factors and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species can trigger cell proliferation. Cyclins E and D1 act as a switch between these mitogenic signals and Cdks during the G1 phase to promote cell cycle progression (24,25). Some.
