Most of the proliferating cells are latently infected with HHV-8 and develop into characteristic spindle cells.24 Various tests have detected HHV-8 antibodies in the majority of asymptomatic individuals with increased tumor risk, including HIV-positive homosexual men,25 adults from Italy and various regions of sub-Saharan Africa26, 27 and some low risk people, such as blood donors from the UK, USA, and Jamaica.28,29 Several studies using different serological tests found that almost 100% patients with different clinical forms of Kaposis sarcoma had a high titer of the HHV-8 antibody, which had been detected before the appearance of clinical lesions of Kaposis sarcoma.13,30,31 Current evidence suggests that HHV-8 infection is a prerequisite in the pathogenesis of Kaposis sarcoma, but factors relating to the host immunodeficiency may Acta2 greatly increase the incidence of Kaposis sarcoma among subjects infected with HHV-8. Table 1. Determinants of HHV-8 antibodies in HIV-infected patients thead th align=”left” valign=”top” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Characteristic /th th align=”center” valign=”top” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ N /th th align=”center” valign=”top” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ HHV-8 positive N (%) /th th align=”center” valign=”top” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ P value /th /thead Age group (years)????A: 30233 (13.04)????B: 31-40392 (5.1)p: 0.6 (NS)????C: 40292 (6.9)Sex????Male536 (11,3)p: 0.1 (NS)????Female381 (2.6)Sexual orientation????Homo/bisexual102(20)????Heterosexual815 (6.17)Possibility route of HIV infection??????Sex transmission614 (6.5)????Sharing needles or syringes253(12)????Vertical route (mother to child)–????Unknown5- Open in a separate window p 0,05, S (Significant), NS (Not Significant). Antiretroviral also may have a role in the treatment of HHV-8-related disease independent of its immune-restorative properties in persons with HIV. of 91 HIV-infected were testing with antibodies to HHV-8 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies of HHV-8 were detected in Deltasonamide 2 (TFA) 7/91 (7.7%) of the samples. According to a gender, six Deltasonamide 2 (TFA) men (85.7%) and a women (14.3%) were positive of HHV-8 antibodies. No correlation regarding the gender and age from this study. The antibodies of HHV-8 was detected among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) men 5/7 (42.8%) and 2/7 (28.6%) from homosexual and heterosexual, respectively. Conclusion This study found the presence of HHV-8 antibodies in 7.7% of patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. This finding was higher more than Southeast Asian countries. The patients with a positive result could suggest measures to prevent HHV-8 infection. strong class=”kwd-title” Key words: HHV-8 antibody, HIV-positive, Surabaya, Indonesia Introduction Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a double-stranded DNA herpesvirus belonging to the -herpesvirinae subfamily. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV- 8) or Kaposis sarcomaCassociated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS).1 Kaposis sarcoma is a tumor developed from cells on lymph nodes or in blood vessels, and can also develop in other parts of the body.1 Previous studies have shown that immunosuppression is associated with an increased risk of developing KS. Kaposis sarcoma not only occurs during HIV-1 infection (AIDS-KS), but also in transplant recipients, elderly men of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin (classic KS) or in children and adult men from eastern and Central Africa (endemic KS). Kaposis sarcoma, a tumor most notably associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, occurs in excess among apparently healthy individuals in certain well-defined geographical regions. 2 HHV-8 prevalence exhibits considerable variation in different geographic regions and populations. The several features suggest that Kaposi Sarcoma unlike other cancers, it may not result from a transformation event that results in autonomously growing tumor cells, but represents the combined effects of a virus with angiogenic properties and local or systemic inflammation.3 HHV-8 or KSHV, the only known human herpesvirus (rhadinovirus), is the most recently discovered tumor virus.4 The genome of KSHV is a linear and the length about 165 to 170 kb.5 This virus is covered by a tegument containing protein, and closed during budding of the cell. These membranes originate from the outer envelope of the lipid membrane from numerous specific viral hosts and glycoproteins. 6 It may also exist inside a circular episomal form during latency. 7 HHV-8 is definitely most closely related to the gamma-herpesvirus EBV. The HHV-8 genome is an icosahedral capsid of approximately 1,200 angstroms in diameter.8 Deltasonamide 2 (TFA) Kaposis sarcoma is more prevalent in immunosuppressed individuals than healthy people. It often happens in Jewish, Mediterranean, African, and Middle Eastern origins. Seroepidemiological evidence of HHV-8 infection can be used to reflect the epidemiology of Kaposis sarcoma.9 Previous study, seropositive prevalence of HHV-8 infection in general population of USA, Northern Europe, and Asia was only around zero to five percent; this was also the case inside a seroepidemiological study in Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Sri Lanka where the seroprevalence of HHV-8 was found to be around 3,7%.10 In East Java, Indonesia, you will find recognized of HHV-8 antigen about 14.5% 11, but the data about seroepidemiological Deltasonamide 2 (TFA) of HHV-8 antibodies not available. The aim of this study was to explore this omission with an examination of the presence of HHV-8 antibodies in HIV-positive individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia. Materials and Methods This study was carried out and authorized the Ethics Committee by Universitas Airlangga Hospital. A total of 91 serum samples (53 males and 38 females) were collected between September and October 2016 from HIV-positive individuals in Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The na?ve or treated with antiretroviral individuals were included, adult HIV-infected (in this case 18-64 years old, and the mean age is 37 years old). You will find 6 patient na?ve with ARV and 85 with antiretroviral therapy. Informed consent forms were obtained from each of the subjects and personal identifiers were removed to ensure individual confidentiality. A questionnaire concerning age, gender, the possibility route of transmission information was collected. Serum samples acquired were centrifuged and stored at 80?C until tested. Serum samples were tested to an HHV-8 antibodies by an ELISA method (Abbexa, Cambridge, UK), relating to manufacturer instructions. Results A total of 91 HIV-infected individuals were involved in this study. The majority (93.4%) of the individuals had been treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. The serums samples were tested from 53 males and 38 females, having a mean age of 37 years (range 18C64 years). This study showed that HHV- 8 antibodies found in 7 of 91 samples (7.7%). Six males (85.7%) and a ladies (14.3%) were positive.
