Materials and Methods 2.1. CTC TG-3; reverse, 5-GGT CTT CAC CAA CCA GAG CA-3), human NRF-1 (forward, 5-GGT GTG ATA AAC CCC ATT TCA CC-3; reverse, 5-AGT GGC AAG GCA GTG AAT GA-3), human Tfam (forward, 5-AGC TCA GAA CCC AGA TGC AAA-3, reverse, 5-TTC AGC TTT TCC TGC GGT GA-3), human ERR(forward, 5-ATG GTG TGG CAT CCT GTG AG-3; reverse, 5-ATT CAC TGG GGC TGC TGT C-3), human GAPDH (forward, 5-CTC CTG TTC GAC AGT CAG CC-3; reverse, 5-TCG CCC CAC TTG ATT TTG GA-3) mouse p53 (forward, 5-CTT GGC TGT AGG TAG CGA CT-3; reverse, 5-CAG CAA CAG ATC GTC CAT GC-3), mouse p21 (forward, 5-CGG TGT CAG AGT CTA GGG GA-3; reverse, 5-AGG CCA TCC TCA AAT GGT GG-3), mouse p16 (forward, 5-CGC AGG TTC TTG GTC ACT GT-3; reverse, 5-CTG CAC CGT AGT TGA GCA GA-3), mouse pRb (forward, 5-TTT TGT AAC GGG AGT CGG GT-3; reverse, 5-AAG ATG CAG ATG CCC CAG AG-3), mouse PGC-1(forward, 5-GTC CTT CCT CCA TGC CTG AC-3; reverse, 5- GAC TGC GGT TGT GTA TGG GA-3), mouse NRF-1 (forward, 5- CTT CAT GGA GGA GCA CGG AG-3; reverse, 5-ATG AGG CCG TTT CCG TTT CT-3), mouse Tfam (forward, 5- ATA GGC ACC GTA TTG CGT GA-3, reverse, 5-CTG ATA GAC GAG GGG ATG CG-3), mouse ERR(forward, 5-GCC CAT GCA CAA GCT GTT TT-3; reverse, 5- ACA CAC AAA GTG GGG AGG GA-3), mouse values less than 0.05 were marked and considered statistically significant: # 0.05 and 0.01 (H2O2 control versus sample-treated cells and young versus MA group). 3. Results 3.1. Effect of KPE on Cell Growth In Vitro Cellular senescence inhibits cell proliferation and decreases the number of cells [17]. H2O2 exposure reduced cell proliferation compared to the normal cells; however, KPE treatment significantly reinstated the proliferative activity of Hs68 cells to almost the normal level (Figure 1(a)). KPE at 1, 5, and 10? 0.05 and 0.01 (H2O2 control versus sample-treated cells). 3.2. Effect of KPE on H2O2-Induced SA- 0.05 and 0.01 compared to the H2O2-treated control. 3.8. KPE Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis Transcription Factor Expression In Vitro To clarify whether KPE treatment regulates mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factors, the mRNA expression of PGC-1than that in normal cells. The expression of other transcription factors including ERRactivation. However, KPE treatment elevated the mRNA expression of PGC-1and its downstream genes, ERRexpression (Figure 7). Open in a separate window Figure 7 Effect of KPE on mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factor expression in vitro. Hs68 cells were pretreated with KPE (1C10?were evaluated via western blotting. GAPDH and 0.05 and 0.01 compared to intrinsically MA mice. 3.10. KPE Recovers Cell-Cycle Arrest In Vivo Compared to young mice, intrinsically MA mice showed increased mRNA and protein levels of cell-cycle inhibitors, including p53, p21, p16, and pRb. In the KPE administered group, the p53, p21, p16, and pRb levels exhibited 33.1%, 44.4%, 40.8%, and 37.4% reduction, respectively, compared to those in the intrinsically MA group. The protein levels of cell-cycle inhibitors were also attenuated by KPE treatment (Figures 8(a) and 8(c)). 3.11. KPE Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis In Vivo The level of PGC-1and its downstream genes were reduced in intrinsically MA mice; however, KPE treatment upregulated the expression of these genes (Figures 9(b) and 9(c)), suggesting an enhancing effect of KPE on mitochondrial function in MA mice. The protein level of PGC-1was consistent with its mRNA level. Consequently, KPE increased the mtDNA involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis, supporting the observation that KPE improved mitochondrial function and biogenesis through PGC-1stimulation (Figure XY1 9(a)). Open in a separate window Figure 9 Effect of KPE on mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. (a) Effect of KPE.In addition, oral KPE administration increased the skin elasticity, indicating that skin elasticity improved after KPE treatment through reduction of age-related elastic fiber atrophy (Figure 13). Open in a separate window Figure 13 Effect of KPE on elasticity. CA-3), human NRF-1 (forward, 5-GGT GTG ATA AAC CCC ATT TCA CC-3; reverse, 5-AGT GGC AAG GCA GTG AAT GA-3), human Tfam (forward, 5-AGC TCA GAA CCC AGA TGC AAA-3, reverse, 5-TTC AGC TTT TCC TGC GGT GA-3), human ERR(forward, 5-ATG GTG TGG CAT CCT GTG AG-3; reverse, 5-ATT CAC TGG GGC TGC TGT C-3), human GAPDH (forward, 5-CTC CTG TTC GAC AGT CAG CC-3; reverse, 5-TCG CCC CAC TTG ATT TTG GA-3) mouse p53 (forward, 5-CTT GGC TGT AGG TAG CGA CT-3; reverse, 5-CAG CAA CAG ATC GTC CAT GC-3), mouse p21 (forward, 5-CGG TGT CAG AGT CTA GGG GA-3; reverse, 5-AGG CCA TCC TCA AAT GGT GG-3), mouse p16 (forward, 5-CGC AGG TTC TTG GTC ACT GT-3; reverse, 5-CTG CAC CGT AGT TGA GCA GA-3), mouse pRb (forward, 5-TTT TGT AAC GGG AGT CGG GT-3; reverse, 5-AAG ATG CAG ATG CCC CAG AG-3), mouse PGC-1(forward, 5-GTC CTT CCT CCA TGC CTG AC-3; reverse, 5- GAC TGC GGT TGT GTA TGG GA-3), mouse NRF-1 (forward, 5- CTT CAT GGA GGA GCA CGG AG-3; reverse, 5-ATG AGG CCG TTT CCG TTT CT-3), mouse Tfam (forward, 5- ATA GGC ACC GTA TTG CGT GA-3, reverse, 5-CTG ATA GAC GAG GGG ATG CG-3), mouse ERR(forward, 5-GCC CAT GCA CAA GCT GTT TT-3; reverse, 5- ACA CAC AAA GTG GGG AGG GA-3), mouse values less than 0.05 were marked and considered statistically significant: # 0.05 and 0.01 (H2O2 control versus sample-treated cells and young versus MA group). 3. Results 3.1. Effect of KPE on Cell Growth In Vitro Cellular senescence inhibits cell proliferation and decreases the number of cells [17]. H2O2 exposure reduced cell proliferation compared to the normal cells; however, KPE treatment significantly reinstated the proliferative activity of Hs68 cells XY1 to almost the normal level (Figure 1(a)). KPE at 1, 5, and 10? 0.05 and 0.01 (H2O2 control versus sample-treated cells). 3.2. Effect of KPE on H2O2-Induced SA- 0.05 and 0.01 compared to the H2O2-treated control. 3.8. KPE Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis Transcription Factor Expression In Vitro To clarify whether KPE treatment regulates mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factors, the mRNA expression of PGC-1than that in normal cells. The expression of other transcription factors including ERRactivation. However, KPE treatment elevated the mRNA expression of PGC-1and its downstream genes, ERRexpression (Figure 7). Open in a separate window Figure 7 Effect of KPE on mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factor expression in vitro. Hs68 cells were pretreated with KPE (1C10?were evaluated via western blotting. GAPDH and 0.05 and 0.01 compared to intrinsically MA mice. 3.10. KPE Recovers Cell-Cycle Arrest In Vivo Compared to young mice, intrinsically MA mice showed increased mRNA and protein levels of cell-cycle inhibitors, including p53, p21, p16, and pRb. In the KPE administered Rabbit polyclonal to TPT1 group, the p53, p21, p16, and pRb levels exhibited 33.1%, 44.4%, 40.8%, and 37.4% reduction, respectively, compared to those in the intrinsically MA group. The protein levels of cell-cycle inhibitors were also attenuated by KPE treatment (Figures 8(a) and 8(c)). 3.11. XY1 KPE Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis In Vivo The level of PGC-1and its downstream genes were reduced in intrinsically MA mice; however, KPE treatment upregulated the expression of these genes (Figures 9(b) and 9(c)), suggesting an enhancing effect of KPE on mitochondrial function in MA mice. The protein level of PGC-1was consistent with.
