Rev. act as both a positive and negative transcriptional regulator in Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate B cells, affecting 5% of the genes that includes suppressor of Ty4 (Spt4) and AID. Interestingly, Spt6 regulates CSR and AID expression through two unique histone modification pathways, H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, respectively. Tandem SH2 domain name of Spt6 plays a critical role in CSR and H3K4me3 regulation involving Set1 histone methyltransferase. We conclude that Spt6 is usually a unique histone chaperone capable of regulating the histone epigenetic state of both AID targets and the AID locus. do not encode protein. The Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate transcripts may serve to form a heteroduplex with transcribed DNA, thus forming an R-loop (13). An obvious result of transcription is the introduction Gdf6 of aberrant supercoiling, positive to the front and unfavorable to the rear of the transcription machinery. This accumulation of aberrant supercoiling can enhance non-B DNA structure formation, especially in highly repetitive and palindromic sequences such as S regions (14C17). Non-B structure formation coupled with transcription has been extensively discussed with respect to triplet repeats and other repetitive sequences that suffer from genome instability (17, 18). Our recent studies on the FACT complex show that transcription has a function associated with the chromatin epigenetic regulation in CSR. In CH12F3C2A cells, which efficiently switch to IgA, knocking down FACT components, either structure-specific acknowledgement protein 1 (Ssrp1) or suppressor of Ty16 homolog (Spt16), drastically reduces CSR by specifically reducing the histone posttranslational modification (PTM) H3K4me3 marks. This reduction in H3K4me3, which is not linked to S-region histone loss or transcriptional status, suppressed DNA cleavage of the target S regions (6). The requirement of H3K4me3 as a DNA cleavage mark in CSR led us to speculate that this same molecular mechanism is shared between CSR and meiotic and V(D)J recombinations (6). Clearly, the FACT complex is not the only chromatin regulator. We recently reported that AID interacts with Spt6, another histone chaperone associated with Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate transcription elongation (19). Unexpectedly, knocking down Spt6 reduced CSR but not SHM in a GFP reporter construct. Moreover, an extensive protein-protein interaction analysis between Spt6 and various AID mutants revealed that conversation of Spt6 with AID is unlikely to contribute in CSR (19). Besides chaperoning histones in transcription, Spt6 functions to transport and splice mRNA by forming a complex with Iws1 and Pol II phosphorylated at the C-terminal domain name on serine 2 (Ser2P-CTD-Pol II) (20). Iws1 interacts directly with the mRNA export factor REF1/Aly (21), which in turn recruits the nuclear exosome component Rrp6 in the elongation complex to form messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) particles (22). Thus, Spt6 involvement in processing mRNA is Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate not direct but depends on the Iws1 and exosome complexes. Moreover, nine exosome subunits are copurified with Spt6 (23); if this is the case in higher eukaryotes as well, exosome-associated components may influence Spt6 function in CSR. In this study we screened for new chromatin modulators in CSR regulation and recognized only FACT and Spt6. The role of Spt6 in CSR has never been studied from a histone chaperone point of view; therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Spt6 regulates CSR. Depleting Spt6 in CH12F3C2A cells effectively blocked AID-induced DNA breaks and concomitantly reduced H3K4me3 in the S and S regions. We also found that Spt6 knockdown abolished SHM and H3K4me3 marks in the IgH variable (VH) region and in newly identified AID target genes but not in the GFP transgene. Spt6 knockdown in the human Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line BL2 produced similar effects. Therefore, we conclude that Spt6 regulates both Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate CSR and SHM through H3K4me3 marks on AID target loci. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Cell Lines and RNAi Oligonucleotide Transfection The mouse B-cell lymphoma line CH12F3C2A and a human Burkitt’s lymphoma line BL2 used in this study have been described previously (6, 24). The BL2 cells used express Jp8BdelER, a hypermutating form of AID fused with the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor. Jp8BdelER was activated using 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Chemically modified RNAi oligonucleotides (Stealth RNAi siRNA) from Invitrogen were transfected into 1 106 BL2 or CH12F3C2A cells. Three.