Antigen recognition by B\cell and T\cell receptors. experimentally exhibited effectiveness in blocking various viral pathogen infections. These treatments offer advantages, especially for currently untreatable viral pathogens. Furthermore, using dual\protein ligands and the antigenic memory of some sub\populations of NK cells would also allow the creation of defacto vaccines based on a host’s NK cells, instead of vaccines utilizing CD4 and CD8 : T cells, which are limited by the requirement of MHC presentation of the target antigens to : T cells. Targeted NK cell vaccines could attack host cells latently or actively infected by intracellular pathogens, even host cells having pathogen downregulated MHC antigen presentation. Eight postulates concerning the effects of pathogen mutation, or change in phenotype from genetic recombination or rearrangement, and replication rates on pathogen vs host dominance are also listed, which should be applicable to viral and non\viral pathogens. and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus of the genus genus. 35 , 36 Another example is usually human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV\1), an enveloped Deracoxib virus of the genus with a surface protein, a trimeric glycoprotein, to induce membrane fusion for viral entry into a human host cell, and this glycoprotein is known to be targeted by antibodies. 37 Measles virus is an enveloped virus of the genus, with a morbillivirus surface protein APO-1 complex with tetrameric attachment (H) and trimeric fusion (F) glycoproteins for viral entry and contamination of human host cells. 38 Eastern equine encephalitis virus is an enveloped virus of the genus with two trans\membrane envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, where the surface protein E2 bonds to human cells for viral entry. 39 , 40 In summary, there are several possible target viral surface proteins for bonding to dual\protein ligands for the immune system neutralization of viral pathogens. As previously discussed, the structures of some viral surface proteins are already known to some extent; but any targeted viral surface protein will probably require considerable research to determine enough detailed structure to enable the design of a first protein ligand having a strong bond to the targeted viral surface protein. 2.3. Options for masking surface proteins with dual\protein ligands One treatment option injects dual\protein ligands into the bloodstream or localized regions to mask pathogenic surface proteins used by viruses to infect mammalian cells. The dosage of dual\protein ligands necessary to Deracoxib treat a viral pathogen contamination will vary, depending on how long the dual\protein ligands will reside inside the patient before they are removed or inactivated, depending on the concentrations of the targeted virus and the immune cell utilized, and depending on how strongly each dual\protein ligand will bond with both the targeted viral surface protein and the immune cell utilized. The strength of bonding between ligands and proteins is usually quantified by an association constant ( em K /em a), which is usually defined as the equilibrium molar concentration of a protein bound to a ligand, divided by the multiplication of the molar concentration of the unbound ligand and the molar concentration of the unbound protein, as seen in Equation?(1). 41 Other papers use the dissociation constant ( em K /em d), the reciprocal of the association constant em K /em a, as seen in Equation?(2). 41 math xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” id=”jats-math-1″ display=”block” mrow msub mi K /mi mi mathvariant=”normal” a /mi /msub mo = /mo mfrac mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext concentration /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext bound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext ligand /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext and /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext protein /mtext /mrow /mfenced mrow mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext conc /mtext mo . /mo mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext unbound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext ligand /mtext /mrow Deracoxib /mfenced mo /mo mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext conc /mtext mo . /mo mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext unbound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext protein /mtext /mrow /mfenced /mrow /mfrac mo , /mo /mrow /math (1) math xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” id=”jats-math-2″ display=”block” mrow msub mi K /mi mi mathvariant=”normal” d /mi /msub mo = /mo mfrac mrow mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext conc /mtext mo . /mo mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext unbound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext ligand /mtext /mrow /mfenced mo /mo mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext conc /mtext mo . /mo mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext unbound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext protein /mtext /mrow /mfenced /mrow mfenced close=”]” open=”[” mrow mtext molar /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext conc /mtext mo . /mo mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext of /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext bound /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext ligand /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext and /mtext mspace width=”0.166667em” /mspace mtext protein /mtext /mrow /mfenced /mfrac mo . /mo /mrow /math (2) A very large affinity constant em K /em a between a viral surface protein and the first protein ligand indicates that even a very low serum concentration of the first protein ligand could bond to a low serum focus from the viral surface area proteins. For example, a em K /em a of just one 1??1010?M?1 (which is normally achieved by a basophil FcRI receptor.